{"id":1925,"date":"2026-03-19T09:54:51","date_gmt":"2026-03-19T02:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/?p=1925"},"modified":"2026-03-19T10:09:52","modified_gmt":"2026-03-19T03:09:52","slug":"functional-testing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/","title":{"rendered":"Functional Testing in PCBA: Process and Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>In electronic PCB assembly, testing is not limited to checking components or connections but also ensures that the product works correctly in real conditions. Functional Testing is a method used to verify the overall functionality of a circuit board after assembly. It helps detect issues that other testing methods may not easily identify. In this article, we will explain what FCT is and its role in PCBA manufacturing.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/#1_What_Is_Functional_Testing_FCT\" >1. What Is Functional Testing (FCT)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/#2_What_Does_FCT_Check\" >2. What Does FCT Check?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/#3_Differences_Between_FCT_and_Other_Testing_Methods\" >3. Differences Between FCT and Other Testing Methods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/#4_When_Should_FCT_Be_Used\" >4. When Should FCT Be Used<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/#5_FCT_Process\" >5. FCT Process<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/#6_Advantages_and_Limitations_of_Functional_Testing_FCT\" >6. Advantages and Limitations of Functional Testing (FCT)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/functional-testing\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"40\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_Is_Functional_Testing_FCT\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"40\">1. What Is Functional Testing (FCT)?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"42\" data-end=\"307\">Functional Testing (FCT) is a method used to verify the functionality of an electronic circuit board after the PCB assembly (PCBA) process is completed. This method ensures that the product operates correctly according to its design under real operating conditions.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"309\" data-end=\"472\">Unlike methods such as ICT, which focus on individual components or connections, FCT evaluates the overall operation of the circuit at the system level, including:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"474\" data-end=\"569\">\n<li data-section-id=\"vcjbg1\" data-start=\"474\" data-end=\"499\">\n<p data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"499\">Powering up the board.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"hvva4v\" data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"525\">\n<p data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"525\">Sending input signals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"150moz6\" data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"569\">\n<p data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"569\">Measuring and evaluating output signals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"677\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">FCT is typically performed at the final stage of the manufacturing process before the product is packaged.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1928\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1928\" style=\"width: 1125px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928\" src=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5.webp\" alt=\"What Is Functional Testing\" width=\"1125\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5.webp 1125w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-1024x573.webp 1024w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-768x430.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1928\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">What Is Functional Testing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"27\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_What_Does_FCT_Check\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"27\">2. What Does FCT Check?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"29\" data-end=\"199\">FCT verifies the real-world operation of a circuit board after assembly, ensuring that the product functions correctly according to its design and technical requirements.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"201\" data-end=\"264\">During testing, FCT typically focuses on the following aspects:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"757\">\n<li data-section-id=\"194ryfr\" data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"346\">\n<p data-start=\"268\" data-end=\"346\"><strong data-start=\"268\" data-end=\"285\">Power supply:<\/strong> checks voltage, current and power consumption of the board.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15tfxge\" data-start=\"347\" data-end=\"438\">\n<p data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"438\"><strong data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"380\">Input\/Output (I\/O) signals:<\/strong> verifies that input and output signals match the design.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"7rsig2\" data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"520\">\n<p data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"520\"><strong data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"459\">Communication:<\/strong> tests interfaces such as UART, I2C, SPI or other protocols.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15u5x72\" data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"638\">\n<p data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"638\"><strong data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"549\">Circuit functionality:<\/strong> ensures functional blocks operate correctly (e.g. signal processing, control, display).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"8a5mpr\" data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"757\">\n<p data-start=\"641\" data-end=\"757\"><strong data-start=\"641\" data-end=\"670\">Firmware (if applicable):<\/strong> verifies that the program loaded into the microcontroller or processor runs properly.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"759\" data-end=\"940\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">FCT simulates real operating conditions, helping identify issues that other testing methods may not easily detect, especially those related to system logic or overall functionality.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"56\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Differences_Between_FCT_and_Other_Testing_Methods\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"56\">3. Differences Between FCT and Other Testing Methods<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"58\" data-end=\"253\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In PCBA manufacturing, Functional Testing is often used together with other testing methods such as ICT (In-Circuit Test) and Flying Probe. Each method has different testing objectives and scope.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1930\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1930\" style=\"width: 1125px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/differences-between-fct-and-other-testing-methods.webp\" alt=\"Differences Between FCT and Other Testing Methods\" width=\"1125\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/differences-between-fct-and-other-testing-methods.webp 1125w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/differences-between-fct-and-other-testing-methods-300x112.webp 300w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/differences-between-fct-and-other-testing-methods-1024x383.webp 1024w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/differences-between-fct-and-other-testing-methods-768x287.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1930\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Differences Between FCT and Other Testing Methods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p data-start=\"58\" data-end=\"253\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The table below provides a clearer comparison:<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 244px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 17.5351%; height: 24px;\">Factor<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 27.5551%; height: 24px;\">FCT<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 27.8557%; height: 24px;\">ICT<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.0521%; height: 24px;\">Flying Probe Test<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.5351%; height: 48px;\">Test objective<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.5551%; height: 48px;\">Verify the overall functionality of the circuit<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.8557%; height: 48px;\">Check individual components and connections<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0521%; height: 48px;\">Check basic connections and components<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.5351%; height: 24px;\">Test level<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.5551%; height: 24px;\">System level<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.8557%; height: 24px;\">Component level<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0521%; height: 24px;\">Component level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.5351%; height: 48px;\">Stage of use<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.5551%; height: 48px;\">After full assembly<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.8557%; height: 48px;\">After assembly<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0521%; height: 48px;\">After assembly (prototype, low volume)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.5351%; height: 48px;\">Fault detection capability<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.5551%; height: 48px;\">Functional errors, logic issues, system-level faults<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.8557%; height: 48px;\">Component faults, soldering issues, connection errors<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0521%; height: 48px;\">Basic connection and soldering issues<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.5351%; height: 24px;\">Test speed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.5551%; height: 24px;\">Moderate<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.8557%; height: 24px;\">Fast (with fixture)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0521%; height: 24px;\">Slower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.5351%; height: 28px;\">Investment cost<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.5551%; height: 28px;\">Moderate (requires test setup)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.8557%; height: 28px;\">High (requires dedicated fixture)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0521%; height: 28px;\">Low (no fixture required)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"30\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_When_Should_FCT_Be_Used\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"30\">4. When Should FCT Be Used<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"32\" data-end=\"193\">Functional Testing is used to ensure that a product not only meets technical specifications but also works correctly in real operating conditions after assembly.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"239\">FCT is suitable in the following situations:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"682\">\n<li data-section-id=\"11hmun1\" data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"369\">\n<p data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"369\"><strong data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"272\">High-complexity products:<\/strong> boards with multiple functions, processing blocks or integrated microcontrollers or processors.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"3dklaf\" data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"481\">\n<p data-start=\"372\" data-end=\"481\"><strong data-start=\"372\" data-end=\"406\">Need to verify real operation:<\/strong> checking the overall system behavior, not just components or connections.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1onv7a4\" data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"550\">\n<p data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"550\"><strong data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"508\">Final product stage:<\/strong> performed before packaging and shipment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"t6ehu4\" data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"682\">\n<p data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"682\"><strong data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"595\">After other tests (ICT, Flying Probe):<\/strong> used as a complementary method to ensure no functional or system-level issues remain.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"834\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">FCT helps detect issues that other testing methods may not easily identify, especially those related to real-world operation and system functionality.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1929\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1929\" style=\"width: 1125px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929\" src=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-1.webp\" alt=\"When Should FCT Be Used\" width=\"1125\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-1.webp 1125w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-1-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-1-1024x573.webp 1024w, https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/functional-testing-in-pcba-5-1-768x430.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1929\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Should FCT Be Used<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"18\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_FCT_Process\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"18\">5. FCT Process<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"20\" data-end=\"221\">The Functional Test process is carried out to verify the real operation of a circuit board after assembly. Depending on the product, the process may vary, but it typically includes the following steps:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"858\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-section-id=\"6om0cc\" data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"373\">\n<p data-start=\"225\" data-end=\"373\"><strong data-start=\"225\" data-end=\"254\">Prepare the test fixture:<\/strong> design and use a jig or fixture to connect the board to the testing system, ensuring stable contact with test points.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1eemvga\" data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"470\">\n<p data-start=\"376\" data-end=\"470\"><strong data-start=\"376\" data-end=\"399\">Power up the board:<\/strong> supply appropriate power to bring the board into operating condition.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"i3348y\" data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"574\">\n<p data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"574\"><strong data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"505\">Load firmware (if required):<\/strong> program the microcontroller or processor before functional testing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1beq5ei\" data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"675\">\n<p data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"675\"><strong data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"596\">Run test cases:<\/strong> send input signals, trigger functions and simulate real operating conditions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"9so16\" data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"770\">\n<p data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"770\"><strong data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"709\">Measure and record results:<\/strong> check output signals, voltage, current or other parameters.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"mrcc84\" data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"858\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"858\" data-is-last-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"806\">Classify results (Pass\/Fail):<\/strong> determine whether the board meets the test criteria.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"61\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Advantages_and_Limitations_of_Functional_Testing_FCT\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"61\">6. Advantages and Limitations of Functional Testing (FCT)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"63\" data-end=\"218\">Functional Testing (FCT) helps verify whether a circuit board works correctly in real operating conditions. However, this method also has some limitations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"237\">&#8211; <strong data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"237\">Advantages:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"urbvi8\" data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"358\">\n<p data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"358\"><strong data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"278\">Checks overall circuit operation:<\/strong> evaluates how the entire board works together, not just individual components.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"19diowu\" data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"459\">\n<p data-start=\"361\" data-end=\"459\"><strong data-start=\"361\" data-end=\"393\">Detects hard-to-find issues:<\/strong> identifies functional problems that other test methods may miss.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1q0mr68\" data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"556\">\n<p data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"556\"><strong data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"501\">Close to real operating conditions:<\/strong> the board is tested in a state similar to actual use.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"c23ccc\" data-start=\"557\" data-end=\"642\">\n<p data-start=\"559\" data-end=\"642\"><strong data-start=\"559\" data-end=\"594\">Suitable for finished products:<\/strong> helps ensure proper operation before shipment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"662\">&#8211; Limitations:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"hd7pje\" data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"745\">\n<p data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"745\"><strong data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"699\">Requires a custom test setup:<\/strong> each product needs its own testing approach.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"123tp7w\" data-start=\"746\" data-end=\"841\">\n<p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"841\"><strong data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"782\">Requires additional equipment:<\/strong> a jig or fixture is needed to connect and test the board.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1j40kce\" data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"933\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"933\" data-is-last-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"868\">More time-consuming:<\/strong> testing each unit may take longer compared to some other methods.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"14\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"14\">Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"16\" data-end=\"311\">Functional Testing is an important step in PCBA manufacturing, ensuring that the circuit board operates correctly under real conditions. Compared to other testing methods, FCT focuses on the overall functionality of the product, helping detect issues that component-level tests may not identify.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"485\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Using FCT together with other methods such as ICT or Flying Probe helps improve product quality and reduce the risk of failures after the product is released to the market.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In electronic PCB assembly, testing is not limited to checking components or connections but also ensures that the product works correctly in real conditions. Functional Testing is a method used to verify the overall functionality of a circuit board after assembly. It helps detect issues that other testing methods may not easily identify. In this [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1927,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1925","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-news"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1925","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1925"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1925\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1934,"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1925\/revisions\/1934"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1927"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1925"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1925"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makipos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1925"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}